Dollar Decline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dollar Decline - Essay Example THESIS STATEMENT The essay intends to describe the impact, which is imposed by decline in the purchasing power of a dollar over the individuals and their respective families. Additionally, it provides the measures that can be adopted in order to combat the declining purchasing power. Moreover, the essay would also reveal the steps that are adopted by the national leaders such as the politicians to mitigate the problem of declined purchasing power of a dollar. HOW IS THIS DECLINE IN THE PURCHASING POWER OF A DOLLAR IMPACT YOU AND OR YOUR FAMILY? With respect to the decline in the value of dollar, the citizens of the US will be facing adequate challenges in relation to their purchasing power as the prices of commodities will increase due to rise in the rate of imported commodities. Specially mentioning, the unemployment rate will also augment due to increased rate of import price for industrial sector, which will unfavorably affect the life of people by a certain degree. It may further lead to scarcity in food products. In this regard, it can be comprehended that a decline in the value of dollar will lead to price inflation and the purchasing power of the people will decrease. ... Thus, decline in the value of dollar will imbalance the economy in relation to trading activities and investments among others. In this regard, a decline in the value of dollar will adversely affect people and their family with increased commodity price and deprived living standards (Feldstien,† The Declining Dollar†; Hammer, â€Å"7 Economic Consequences of a Dollar Collapse†). WHAT CAN YOU DO, FROM A PRACTICAL DAY TO DAY STANDPOINT, TO COMBAT THIS DECLINE IN PURCHASING POWER? The decline in the value of dollar will led to inflation and eventually would decrease the purchasing power of the people. In this regard, the people in order to address or to combat such declining purchasing power are required to devise certain appropriate strategies along with plans. In this situation, people having investments in the stock markets should reinvest and convert those in valuable assets that include gold and silver among others in order to preserve their wealth. Additionally, the people can also seek towards converting dollar in certain other currency. In this regard, people are required to plan their income in accordance with their respective budgets in order to maintain a minimum living standard under such inflationary conditions. Moreover, monetary credit operations ought to be minimized in order to maintain financial stability. Respectively, people with adequate savings and stabilized financial conditions will be facilitated with the opportunity of maintaining their living standards and most vitally combating decline in purchasing power (Mehalko, â€Å"Protecting Purchasing Power in Inflationary and Deflationary Environments†). In order to combat against the decline in purchasing power, people can invest more in real along with

Drivers Of Business Internet Adoption Information Technology Essay

Drivers Of Business Internet Adoption Information Technology Essay E-business has introduced new opportunities within recent years for small and large organization to compete successfully in the global marketplace. Many speculators have noted that among the newest changes introduced by electronic communications is the approach of transforming and transmitting information for gaining competitive advantage by organizations in the market place. The internet has provided significant space of opportunities for many small businesses to move and build closer relationships with their new or existing customers and suppliers online to achieve customer attraction and retention. With the use of online, e-business services to both customers and suppliers has significantly reduce costs while providing new convenient ways and channel for purchase of goods and services. Through providing high-quality online services to customers, business can build and create a long lasting relationship with all stakeholders involved (chaffey, 2009) Drivers of Business internet adoption At a relatively early point in e-business adoption, a government report (DTI, 2000) identified two main categories of drivers, which is prevalent and relevant today: Cost/efficiency drivers Increasing speed with which supplies can be obtained Increasing speed with which goods can be dispatched Reduced sales and purchasing costs. Competitiveness drivers Customer demand Improving the range and quality of services offered Avoiding losing market share to businesses already using e-commerce (Chaffey, 2009). Perrott (2005) identifies four key areas driving performance, which are cost-benefits, competitive pressures, market advantage and value adding, for example improving customer satisfaction while building strong and long lasting relationship. The main business drivers for introducing e-commerce and e-business are opportunities for increased revenues and reducing costs, but many other benefits can be identified that improve customer service and corporate image (Chaffey 2009). Chaffey review the potential benefits use in identifying both tangible and intangible benefits (cost hard to calculate). Figure Tangible and intangible benefits from e-commerce and e-business (Chaffey, 2009) E-COMMERCE AND DIGITAL OPPORTUNITITES IN AFRICA Internet edition of the 2004 report on E-Commerce and Development published by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The Report was intended to provide practitioners and policy-makers with information and analysis to better assess and understand the impact of the growing role of ICTs in economic development. From the report foreword by past UN Secretary General  Kofi Annan: Information and communications technologies have considerable potential to promote development and economic growth. They can foster innovation and improve productivity.  They can reduce transaction costs and make available, in mere seconds, the rich store of global knowledge. In the hands of developing countries, and especially small- and medium-sized enterprises, the use of ICTs can bring impressive gains in employment, gender equality and standards of living (ITU) (OVERVIEW OF THE ICT LANDSCAPE IN AFRICA) The latest evaluations of immerse digital opportunity across the continent of Africa is shown below. The  Digital Opportunity Index  assesses countries on eleven different indicators, organized into three clusters of Opportunity, Infrastructure and Utilization. Measurements of digital opportunity for Africa show that, in 2005, only three countries had a DOI score in excess of 0.40 (Seychelles, Mauritius and Morocco), while in 2006, seven countries had DOI scores greater than 0.40 countries includes Egypt, Algeria, South Africa and Tunisia joined with a DOI score of above 0.40 (ITU). http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/newslog/content/binary/Africa_WISR07-blog1.jpg Figure Digital opportunities index (ITU, 2007) Analysis of the DOI results shows that, in Africa, digital opportunity is without a doubt mobile. Mobile lines outnumber fixed lines by 5 to 1, the ratio is even higher in sub-Saharan Africa, where 9 out of 10 subscribers use mobile.   Mobile penetration in Africa increased from 6.5 per 100 inhabitants to 13.1 per 100 inhabitants from 2003 to 2005. Africas mobile market region was considered the fastest-growing market  in the world, with averaging of 50% growth per year since 2000; fortunate growth rates that strategic investors like Orascom, Celtel,  MTN and Vodacom are profiting from (ITU) The digital penetration of Africa is going to encourage local business to embrace the opportunities of e-business and attract foreign investors to invest in Africa regions. The important of digital technology in Africa cannot be over exaggerated neither can it be underscored. SUBSAHARA AFRICA 11 African countries have Internet Exchange Points (IXPs). At least around  eleven African  countries, including Nigeria, Ghana and  South Africa, presently now have Internet Exchange Points (IXPs). These countries  now benefit from effective and efficient peering arrangements among themselves and very cheaper international connectivity and bandwidth. Nigerian Internet Exchange (NIXP)  Chief Executive Officer (CEO) said that eleven sub-Saharan  African countries presently have international Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), following the commissioning of Nigerias Internet exchange in late 2006, at about 30 million naira cost. Rudman observed, that until now, all ISPs within Nigeria have been connected to overseas countries, Which means that Africa was paying foreign carriers to exchange local [continental] traffic on their behalf. This was very costly and inefficient.  Rudman estimated costs of over US$100 million each year in Nigeria for use of unnecessary international transit or international bandwidth for national data. Rudman noted, peering with other ISPs at the exchange point, means all local internet traffic will remain local within the seven ISPs connection to NIXP and Starcomms was the first public telecom operator to connect to it (ITU). African countries with Internet exchanges include:   Botswana, Angola,  Congo DR,  Ghana,  Egypt, Kenya,  Ã‚  Nigeria,  Mozambique, Rwanda,  Tanzania, South Africa,  Uganda  and Zimbabwe. Evaluation of the digital divide In 2007 World Information Society Report, ITU included the very  latest statistics monitoring the evolution of the digital divide, with the use of a variety of statistical  techniques. The digital divide narrowed most rapidly in mobile telephony, with 1 in 2 people in the world projected to have access to a mobile phone by end of 2007. Low-income countries was found having important gains in mobile telephony (figure below), with mobile phones outnumbering fixed lines by 7 to 1 in LDCs and by as much as 9 to 1 in Sub-Saharan Africa. http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/newslog/content/binary/major-ICTs-small123.jpg Figure Distribution of ICT by income group of economies (ITU, 2007) The digital divide was also found narrowing in terms of Internet usage.   In 1997, almost three-quarters of worlds population living in low-income economies and lower-middle income economies was around 5% of worlds total Internet users.  In 2005, they accounted for around 32.5% or nearly about third  of all Internet users. The digital divide has evolved and gaps in access in the high-speed broadband technologies that matters most in today information economy are more marked low-income economies accounted for about 1% of total broadband subscribers worldwide, while lower-middle income economies accounted for around 20% or one fifth of the global total.   The digital is taking on new aspects in terms of speed, efficiency and the quality of access (ITU) http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/newslog/content/binary/africa-graph.gif Figure Growth in Speed WISD, 17 May 2007 (ITU, 2006) SERVICE PROVIDERS CELTEL AFRICA Celtel mobile phone service provider  has expanded its roaming service offer to customers in 12 African countries. Without incurring extra costs, enabling around  half of all Africans mobile phone users to communicate across national borders Celtel roaming service is available in Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Burkina Faso, Sudan and Malawi, as well as the Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Gabon, Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Celtels roaming service extend services to a population of over 400 million people, the populations are living in an area twice as large as Western Europe.Anna Othoro, the marketing director at Celtel said. This is a feat that not even European firms have achieved .Although Celtel has not yet announces upgrade to 3G services like its major competitor Safaricom (ITU) MTN In third quarter of 2007 results, MTN Group serves over 54.1 million customers in 21 countries, making it the largest operator in the Middle East and Africa, and with over 64,000 new customers a day. MTNs South African network is the keystone of its activities, with subscribers increase of 3% to 14 million. Nigeria is other source of income for MTN, with 14.9 million customers and each spending an average of $17 a month. This represents about 7% increase in customers, as well as a healthy more than 4% rise in their spending. MTN is improving in fractures and investing heavily in Nigeria to cope with the growing demand. Middle East and North Africa region of MTN saw 36% growth in customers, with its new Iranian network winning more than 1.7 million more users. Irancell is serving over 3.7 million people and each is spending an average of $11 a month (ITU) E-business Challenges (Risk and Barriers to business adoption) E-business opportunities must be balanced against the risks of introducing e-business services, which varies from strategic risk to practical risk. An organization can make a wrong investment in e-business, which is considered strategic risk. Most business have realized the opportunity and made investment in e-business and gain a competitive advantage, but while others have invested, so much in e-business without returns (profits) either because of wrong strategic planning or wrong approach to the market. Negative attitude of the managing directors and CEOs to the business benefits of information and communication technology (Chaffey, 2009). The perception of the risks involved has limited adoption of e-business in many organizations. Figure Usage of different e-business services in European countries (Chaffey, 2009). A DTI (2002) Study evaluated some of the barriers to B2B e-commerce, which remain valid today. Reason for cost was the most important factors. This suggests the importance of managers assessing e-business to develop costs and the ongoing costs that form the total cost of ownership (TCO) against the value created from the tangible and intangible benefits (Chaffey, 2009). Figure Barriers to development of online technologies (Chaffey, 2009) BARRIERS TO ADOPTION OF E-BUSINESS IN AFRICA KENYA Natural limit to the mobile market in Kenya Celtel Kenya, CEO Mr David Murray, is suggesting the possibility natural limit to the mobile market size in Kenya. Telecommunication is the fastest growing market in the world with the highest in Mobile communications segment especially Africa,but Mr. Murray warns that, in spite of the growth, Kenyas economy will not be able to accommodate more than three operators. Mobile market in Kenya is divided between Safaricom and Celtel Kenya, France Telecoms and Econet Wireless recently acquired the controlling stake in  Telkom Kenya  and about to start operations in the country. With a population of 34 million, mobile Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) is less than $10 per month (ITU) Mr Murray reckons that survival of the operators will be determined by creativity and efficiency on the marketing front, network reliability and product development. For example,  International One Network service from Celtel, the first-ever international borderless mobile network without roaming call surcharges or additional payment to receive incoming calls.   One Network service  was recently been extended to cover more twelve countries, an area equivalent twice the size of the European Union (ITU). UGADA High taxes threaten growth in Uganda An excellent study by Eria Hisali, consisting of data and statistics, researcher at Makerere University, concludes that Ugandas telecom markets high taxes threaten to choke growth. Recent study published by the  Uganda Communications Commission,  shows that recent mobile market in Ugandan is slow. Usage tax on mobile pre-paid services in Uganda is 30% (18% VAT and 12% excise duty), this is the second-highest level of  service taxes on mobile communication use  internationally, as claimed by the report.  Telecoms accounted for about 4% of  Ugandas total VAT revenues in 2000-2001, and 6.5% of VAT revenues in 2005-2006. Although,  Uganda Communications Commission latest statistics released, shows that the number of mobile subscribers is in increase, the report finds that, interestingly minutes of use is reduced significantly in both fixed line and mobile use.   More people are using mobiles, but less often and for a shorter period. Tax as a proportion of revenues for the telephone sub-sector  rose from 5.7% in 2001  to 19.6 or nearly a fifth in 2005. The Report suggests that high taxes may result in a slowdown in growth of the telecommunication industry by reducing investment in the sector. It also suggests that uniform tax rates may mean that poorer households bear a higher burden than higher-income households. The Report concludes that, if market growth  is  to continue, there is urgent need to change the current tax policy on telecommunications sector (ITU). BOWSTNA Botswana Telecommunication Authority and Orange High Court of Appeal in Botswana ruled recently that the Botswana Telecommunications Authority (BTA) should stop receiving tax revenues thier mobile phone operators from sale of voucher cards and free airtime operators offers their customers. Orange and Mascom, Botswanas two private mobile operators, have paid 3% of net turnover on quarterly basis from 2002, the beginning of private cellular phone operation in Botswana. However, the company had appealed the payment of tax on freebies or free airtime Orange occasionally offers to its customers, on the basis that it was free airtime, without profit. The High Court of Appeal ruled that Free airtime given by Orange to its customers is not an amount invoiced nor does it otherwise accrue to Orange for purposes of computation of net turnover. BTA stand a chance of refunds and  stands to lose a substantial amount of future  revenue (ITU). NIGERIA Security Nigeria has set up a movement (Nigeria Anti-Scam Network) composed of concern youths of Nigeria fighting cybercrime and spam. The Nigeria professional are interested in change to redeem Nigeria image from the bad reputation of online crime. The Network realizes that;  throughout the world, cyber crime is a very serious topic and a very contentious one at that. Many countries are losing a lot of money due to the activities of cyber 419s. Nigeria has been touted as the major breeding ground for most of these online frauds. Nigerias ranking in the corruption index have been very discouraging for the past three years and we know that this is not only as a result of Government officials corruptness, but also as a result of activities of online scammers. To be better prepared to fight these menace and bring back our lost reputation, some young Nigerian professionals started the Nigerian Anti-Scam network and have been doing extensive research on the activities of these scammers and ways of salvaging the countrys image (ITU). E-business Strategy Assessment of an organizations existing e-businesses capabilities is a starting point for the future development of their e-business strategy. The future direction and action of any company approach to achieve some specific objectives most be defined. Chaffey (2009) Defined E-business as the approach by which applications of internal and external electronic communications can support and influence corporate strategy. Google Africa As Google has become global, and it isnt neglecting Africa. Google is betting on the powerful impart the internet will bring to improve and transform business and society on the continent, even if the region remains one of the world least connected parts. Anyone in Ghana interested in buying a goat, computer, an iPad or Hummer 2011 model can now  go to Google site   and set up a link to sellers and buyers who have internet connection and SMS messages. Recently, Google hired Ory Okolloh, as its Policy Manager for Africa in a clear sign of its ambitions. In 2010, Google launched  Baraza, an interactive online space where Africans can be able to ask questions and also post answers to others. The goal of Baraza is to facilitate knowledge sharing within and outside Africa about locally relevant issues. According to Aneto Okonkwo Product Manager. Questions include everything from What is the economic impact of the tax increases in the Ghana 2011 budget? to Is it safe to take charcoal tablets during pregnancy? and Where do grasshoppers come from? Google senior official Nelson Mattos noted that any company that most succeed in Africa would have to do a good job by providing content relevant to the local market (Reuter). Google started earlier in Uganda before launching its trade service in Ghana.  Ã‚  Though internet penetration rates is very low in sub Saharan Africa, the recent launch of undersea fiber optic cables in Western Africa and East could significantly improve connectivity. The spread of mobile phones and SMS messaging motivated Google offering in Africa. It is important in raising the Bar and bringing together governments, international organizations, business, experts and civil society in focusing on leveraging Africas potential e-commerce strategic role in the global arena. It should feature innovative partnerships to sustain growth and addressing the human and infrastructure capacity constraints Africa is face with, and assessing strategies with opportunities for improving Africa investment climate.   The overviews of the ICT landscape in Africa, considers the relationship existing between ICTs and competitiveness. With reference to the latest researches, examining the changing regulatory policy in Africa landscape, providing the latest  summary statistics on service providers (operators) and markets information on various planned infrastructure initiatives shows the rate at which the private sector is forging ahead with the introduction and improvements of new technologies to grow the broadband  and mobile markets in Africa.  African  rise of strategic investors such as Celtel, Vodacom and Orascom to boast e-commerce  growth  is very impressive. Africa subscribers (WiMAX) WiMAX Counts.Com  by the end of 2007 reported that WiMAX has expanded rapidly in Africa over 2006-2007. Beginning of 2006, WiMAX subscribers numbered just a few thousand. However, by the end of 2007, Africa subscribers accounted for more than 20,000. Business was mostly customers, with 10s or 100s of internal users, in contrast to personal use. Over the years, subscriber numbers increased at an average rate of 28% per quarter, and in 2007 of 36% growth from Q2 to Q3 alone. Several new deployments took place during the second half of 2007, about 15 commercial deployments of BWA/WiMAX to the region, with a further 10 WiMAX network operators trailing and evaluating the implementation (ITU). Unavailability of traditional fixed line telecom infrastructure in Africa opened the door for big opportunities for WiMAX which provided broadband Internet rural and underserved areas that that is not possible with wired technologies. African operators are on the edge to spread the benefits of WiMAX. There is low penetration of broadband subscribers in Africa. From the 922 million inhabitants at 2006, only about 43.6 million were Internet users and around 1 million had a broadband connection. The  Digital Opportunity Index (DOI), is one of the two indices officially endorsed by the  World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)  (Geneva 2003-Tunis 2005),  can be used as a practical tool to track the changing dynamics driving the Information Society worldwide. 2005 DOI scores are sharply differentiated according to region. The region with the poorest countries in the world is Africa and it is greatly impacted by the digital divide. Americas, Europe and Asia have average DOI scores of more than 0.37 world average, while Africa has 0.20 average DOI score, mainly because of fixed line infrastructure and limited Utilization. When compared with other regions, Africa with an average regional DOI score ranked last with barely one-third that of Europe (0.55). African strong-performers regions are the Seychelles, Mauritius and North African countries (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco and Egypt). The DOI map of Africa indicates high scores among the North African economies regions (Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Libya and Tunisia). Egypt was in only country in the Top 15 gainers in the DOI, having a 32% in digital opportunity  from 2000-2005. In contrast, economies with low ranking are mostly inland, in Sub-Saharan including economies likes, Eritrea, Chad, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone and Niger (ITU) Many African countries are showing impart and making progress in reducing their internal gaps. Africa as a region has the highest growth rate in mobile cellular subscribers a 66% growth rate in 2005, with Egypt, Algeria, South Africa and Nigeria accounting for about 60% of the new mobile subscribers in the region. Nigeria In 2005, alone added 9.7 million subscribers; this represents about 7% of its total population. Three-quarters of all phone connections in 19 countries in Africa are mobile phones. This shows the tendency of e-commerce and e-business development in developing countries. From the perspective of telecommunication policy, high-ranking countries have illustrated the influence of liberalization, competition in promoting opportunity for infrastructure deployment. Most North African countries, as well as South Africa and Senegal, opened their fixed mobile markets to competition and creating rapidly increasing high-speed network deployment. Competition is reducing tariffs and introducing new service packages that responded efficiently to the needs of the people. For example, In Algeria the presences of a third wireless cellular provider successfully triggered new strategies for prepaid services that was not previously offered by the incumbents providers. http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/newslog/content/binary/Africa11.png Figure DOI of Africa World Information Society Report 2006 (ITU, 2005)

Intelligent White Trash in the Snopes Trilogy Essay -- Snopes Trilogy

Intelligent White Trash in the Snopes Trilogy William Faulkner's three novels referred to as the Snopes Trilogy submerge the reader into the deepest, darkest realms of the human mind. The depth of these novels caused the immediate dismissal of any preconceived notions I had toward Faulkner and his writings. No longer did his novels seem to be simple stories describing the white trash, living in the artificial Yoknapatawpha County, of the deep South. The seemingly redneck, simple-minded characters of the Snopes family, when examined closely, reveal all the greed, guile, and brilliance in the human heart and mind. The means by which the Snopes family lives, the means by which it survives, causes the reader to contemplate the boundary between survival and stealing, between necessity and evil. Is it wrong for a greedy person to manipulate another greedy person, using his or her own greed against them? Can evil swallow itself up, consuming an evil person by means of another evil person? The Snopes Trilogy reveals the consuming effect of deceit combined with ambition and displays the genius of the human mind despite an outward disposition that seemingly denies any intelligence at all. Flem Snopes intrigued me from the very onset of the Trilogy in The Hamlet. His simple appearance, slow, methodical movements, and lack of speech only added to his mystery and intensity. Flem's exterior also fooled Jody Varner, who said, "His face was as blank as a pan of uncooked dough" (22). Little did he know that later Flem would supercede him in his own store, causing Varner's plan to keep the Snopeses from burning his barns to blow up in his own face. Flem's outward appearance is possibly his most valuable survival gift. His uncouth facade c... ...ses others as a means of survival. Being a Snopes, he has been raised to succeed with evil. It is the only means he knows. Flem either has no idea that he is destroying others, or he has been taught not to care. Flem has been hardened; he does not even see the evil in his actions. Obviously Flem has no remorse whatsoever in his sinful actions or destruction of others. To him, he is merely surviving. Faulkner adds another question to today's morality. Is a person guilty if they do not know that they are sinning? Flem never thinks twice, never hesitates, never regrets any of his actions. So how does he cope with his conscience? He doesn't. He does not realize that what he is doing is wrong; therefore, he feels no guilt. Flem lives, survives, and prospers the only way he knows how. Works Cited: Faulkner, William. The Snopes Trilogy. New York: Random House, 1957.

Mechanical Ventilation Options Of Dehumidification Engineering Essay

Mechanical airing is the usage of distributed and ducted air to and from centrally located fans in combination with heat recovery or humidification, chilling, heating or filtration. These types of systems are largely common used in infirmaries and private or commercial edifices where the lone manner to carry through liveable indoor air quality is by mechanical airing systems. In metropoliss with big sums of flat and office edifices with a batch of Windowss where the difference between indoor and outside temperature is truly high, mechanical airing will be necessary. During hot seasons ( Panama twelvemonth unit of ammunition ) these edifices, and particularly edifices with â€Å" modern Architecture † in which most of the facade country tends to be wholly glazed, experiment overheating. To accomplish equal indoor temperatures it is necessary to pull out the warm air from the inside before supplying cooled air to the inside. This type of system sometimes besides filters pollutants in the air. As these systems modify the entrance air supply, they are generically called A/C units. Waste heat recovery from edifices can besides be accomplished by A/C. When waste heat is recovered, the consumption air will be conducted through a portion of the heat money changer that was antecedently being directed to the ambiance. The cured heat can be used to heat the air when needed or for other intents such as hot H2O proviso. The A/C systems and mechanical airing have an attached cost of energy which is necessary to run the fans, and this sum increases as the measure of filters additions in the edifice and makes it more hard to present the air in the inside. Recycling heat from these machines can cut down energy measures, but the bulk of the clip the usage of A/C and mechanical airing comes with an elevated cost at the beginning, every bit good as throughout care and running. In order to non hold bacterial jobs in the procedure, changeless care should be applied ( Tomczyk 1995, p14 ) . Stanley Mumma, Ph.D. , P.E. , 2001 performed research on the different combinations of the design of out-of-door air, which will now be briefly explained ( Mumma 2001, p28-30 ) . In tropical climes where the sum of wet in the air is the most of import factor to take into consideration when planing the system to chill the edifice, dehumidification can be possible by using either chilling spirals or active drying agents ( liquid or solid ) . Regularly active drying agents are a good option when the DPT is less than 4A °C, and chilling spirals are a better option when the DPT is more than 4A °C. With a good choice and supported deep chilled H2O, competent for accomplishing a DPT of 7A °C seems to be the best option. The spiral competency can be inflected to equilibrate the transeunt burden conditions. Besides, off-peak A/C, which works with H2O thermic sedimentation or ice, can be used. In Configuration 2 ( see figure 10 ) , for the stipulation of the outside air in front of the chilling spiral an heat content wheel which dehumidifies and cools the outside air is used, diminishing the burden on the chilling spiral. In climes where heating for winter is needed, the heat content wheel can be applied to moisturize and heat the out-of-door air, acquiring rid of the demand for a humidifier. To avoid frost creative activity on the wheel preheating is needed. The warming spiral and the runaround heat recovery coils carry through the same as in Configuration 1. Configuration 3 is about the same as Configuration 2, but with the runaround spirals superseded by a reasonable heat recovery wheel for warm up. In Configuration 2 the reasonable wheel wholly avoids the necessity for the warming spiral. The best combination for dedicated out-of-door air systems is supposed to uncouple the indoor reasonable and latent tonss, as made possible in Configuration 3. Figure 10: Dedicated outdoor air system. The chief collectors of condensation in an A/C are the spirals. When there are major sums of humidness in the air, the spirals are traveling to absorb more H2O, which in the long tally means that the A/C is traveling to run for longer periods. The RH does n't hold any input in the thermoregulator of an A/C, but it has an input in the sum of power to chill the edifice, which affects the thermoregulator by puting it at a unvarying graduated table for longer timeframes. To obtain an indoor degree of humidness around 60 % in hot-humid climes, auxiliary dehumidification must be provided. The bulk of machines in this type of clime addition the sum of humidness by 5 % to 10 % , which happens because the A/C does n't run at full power ( Christensen, Fang & A ; Winkler 2011, p4.7 ) . Xia Fang, Winkler and Christensen in their reaserch for the National Renewable Laboratory 2011 tried out a properly sized 2-ton ( 7-kW ) A/C unit with reasonable heat ratio of 0.8 with different dehumidifier options: ( 1 ) thermoregulator reset, ( 2 ) A/C with energy recovery ventilator ( ERV ) , ( 3 ) heat money changer ( hx ) -assisted A/C, ( 4 ) A/C with capacitor reheat, ( 5 ) A/C with desiccant wheel dehumidifier, ( 6 ) A/C with high-efficiency DX dehumidifier, and ( 7 ) A/C with standard-efficiency DX dehumidifier. In option ( 1 ) the sum of comparative humidness over 60 % caused the overcooling of the infinite by the A/C by 3A °C, which augmented its runtime and tend to overcool the inside, accordingly simplifying conveying the outside RH to the inside due to the high difference between outside and indoor temperatures. On the other manus, option ( 2 ) at part-load conditions was non able to command the humidness entirely. In option ( 4 ) the system was unable to run into the interior humidness and established chilling temperature at the same clip. As in option ( 1 ) the overcooling of the infinite during dehumidification presented the same job and a big sum of A/C energy could be necessary. In option ( 5 ) the desiccant wheel with heat rejected by the capacitor is regenerated with a drying agent dehumidifier ( see figure 11 ) , dividing the regenerative airstream from the supply airstream. The machine reduces de A/C run clip and provides dry and cool air to the indoors with a wet remotion rate of 120 pints/day ( 56.8 L/day ) . Figure 11: Desiccant wheel dehumidifier. Incorporated machines for humidness control in options ( 4 ) through ( 7 ) increase the sum of energy ingestion of the edifice. RH set points of 50 % make the sum of energy needed higher comparative to 60 % . Similarly, RH programmed at 50 % increases the tally clip for the A/C and the dehumidifier relation to RH programmed at 60 % , with the exclusion of option ( 5 ) for the A/C with desiccant wheel dehumidifier. Within all the engineerings for active dehumidification, option ( 5 ) ( A/C with desiccant wheel dehumidifier ) is the lone that decreases the run clip of the A/C. The A/C burden is partly compensate pending dehumidifier operation due the desiccant wheel dehumidifier provide cool air.2.6 Cooling burden and its importance in hot-humid conditionss.The heat generated by people, visible radiations and equipment and the heat transferred across a room envelope ( floor, door, Windowss ) make up the entire edifice chilling burden ( see figure 12 ) . External burden is the transportation of heat that comes indoors trough the envelope, while the internal burden is all the remainder. The conditions, constructing type, and design vary the sum of external and internal tonss. Latent tonss ( which affect the wet content ) and reasonable tonss ( which affect the dry bulb temperature ) together make the entire chilling burden temperature. Edifications should be classified as internally or externally loaded. In internally-loaded sophistications the heat addition from residents, contraptions, and visible radiations represents the chilling burden. In most of the instances edifices remain without alterations to the heat coevals from the internal heat beginnings, and, because the internal heat beginnings are greater compared to the heat transportation from the ever-changing milieus, the chilling burden of an internally-loaded sophistication remains about unvarying. In externally-loaded sophistications the heat transportation between the indoors and the precincts compose the chilling burden. In externally loaded edifices the chilling burden varies widely because the out-of-door temperature varies all the clip ( ASHRAE 2011, p87 ) . Figure 12: Beginnings of Cooling Load. The chilling burden extremum depends on the clip of twenty-four hours and out-of-door temperatures. Cooling burden alterations well throughout the twenty-four hours because of the Sun ‘s radiation, which makes it of import to take into consideration the unsure province procedure for ciphering the chilling burden. Not taking the internal beginnings into consideration for the chilling loads computation would non let accomplishment of the needed interior temperature. Therefore, it is really complicated to cipher the chilling burden exactly. The heat that a organic structure absorbs and elevates its temperature without the organic structure experimenting a alteration in its physical province is called reasonable heat. Radiation, convection, and conductivity are the three ways that heat addition can be added to the learned infinite. The measure of reasonable heat addition at a given clip is non the same as the chilling burden at the same minute, due to the heat stored in the sophistication envelope. Merely heat by convection can turn into chilling burden right off. Reasonable heat burden is composed of: outdoor-air infiltration ; heat from residents, visible radiations, and contraptions ; solar additions trough glass ; airing air ; and heat coming in trough ceiling and walls. Latent heat burden is the sum of wet added to the indoor infinite from internal vapour beginnings like residents or equipment, or from out-of-door air in footings of infiltration or airing to guarantee appropriate indoor air quality. Latent heat burden is made up of occupant motion and out-of-door wet from airing and infiltration. It is possible to boil a certain sum of liquid into indoor air of a room or intake a certain sum of H2O with a dehumidifier without altering the room air temperature. However, the vaporization of H2O into the indoor air infinite adds the latent heat of vaporization of the H2O to the entire heat in the air ( Dorsi & A ; Krieger 2004, p70 ) The room air does non instantly absorb the measure of heat emitted from people, solar radiation, equipment, etc. ( see figure 12 ) . Alternatively, indoor air ab initio absorbs merely a little sum. The bulk of heat from illuming and Sun is soaked up by surfaces in the inside, such as furniture and floors. Depending on the particular belongingss of the stuffs, the heat addition has a decrement component and a clip hold. As a consequence, this heat will be present or felt by the residents even good after the beginning of heat addition is gone.2.8 Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems ( DOAS )When it comes to amount and energy cost of air conditioning in hot-humid climes, one of the chief grounds of expensive monthly energy measures is that air conditioning is non designed to cover with the big sum of humidness in the air ( latent burden ) which is between 70 % and 100 % . With this sum of RH people feel a higher temperature and hence instantly take down the temperature of the thermoregulator, the bulk of times to between 16 and 18 grades Celsius. The attack by and large being taken today is to divide the conditioning of out-of-door air and the handling of the entire latent burden from residuary reasonable chilling ( or warming ) . Such systems are by and large described as dedicated outdoor air being used to cut down the associated energy cost. The residuary reasonable burden on the infinite can be handled by a assortment of methods, by and large hydronic in nature – fan spiral units, beaming panels, chilled beams, for illustration. DOAS or dedicated out-of-door system is a warming, airing and air conditioning system that on a regular basis uses two systems at the same clip: one to cover with the reasonable tonss and another one to manage the latent tonss. Regular warming, airing and air conditioning systems, taking attention of more than one country, nowadays in some instances microbic jobs and limited thermic comfort. The chief intent of DOAS is to accomplish dedicated airing alternatively of airing as one portion of air conditioning. The out-of-door air system will take attention of the latent burden and one portion of the reasonable burden, and another system at the same clip will take attention of the reasonable burden depending on the climes and the machine employed besides DOAS do non use recirculated air, so micro bacterial job through the air wo n't happen ( Stanley Mumma and Shank 2011, p28-30 ) . Research made by ASHRAE to happen out the best combination of air conditioning that can cover with the humidness in hot-humid climes in order to cut down the energy ingestion, shows that the dedicated air systems working together with reasonable chilling in the terminal units produces the best solution taking into consideration the followers: Employ energy recovery in learned out-of-door air to manage the indoor latent burden and some of the reasonable burden. For good air distribution airing, the airing should non be working together with the indoor conditioning machines. Achieve the treating of the reasonable tonss with a parallel system. Join together the energy conveyance and fire suppression. Stanly A. Mumma, Ph.D. , Pe. made a research on the economic net income of different ceiling radiant chilling panels. The three hydronic systems analyzed are: the radiant panel web, the dedicated outdoor air system chilling spiral, and the fire suppression web. The research came to the decision that it is possible to use the ceiling radiant chilling panels with the dedicated out-of-door systems. The DOAS is indispensable to cover with one hundred per centum of the indoor latent tonss and, hence, the room dew-point temperatures. When the dew-point temperature is controlled below the temperature of the panel surface the condensation on the chilling panel is non an issue ( Mumma 2003, p627-635 ) . Simmons ( 1997, p659-666 ) arbitrated the nest eggs of the ceiling radiant chilling panels systems as follows: 15 % less concluding cost of installing. Reduced fan powers and smaller, more efficient hair-raisers make possible long-run nest eggs. Less care cost because there are no filters and minimal moving parts. Balancing and proving are cheaper and less hard to recognize. The CRCP have an advantage in room infinite, because the ductwork that normally provides all the indoor room with reasonable chilling burden with 13A °C is non needed. When used in new edifices the proprietor can avoid the disbursal by take downing floor highs of the edifice or adding one narrative for every five narratives in relation to regular buildings. The relation between classical air conditioning and dedicated outdoor air system beaming panel is: it consumes about 29 % of the classical conditioning because of a really small SA and RA sum ; it reduces the chilling spiral 7.6 % yearly ; the energy ingestion is 20 five per centum less because of the decrease of the hair-raiser with the energy recovery can salvage up to forty two per centum of the one-year sum energy ingestion in relation to conventional all air VAV. All described above shows the specific merchandise of the DOAS, but is adequate to show the capacities on cut downing the sum of energy ingestion by the DOAS in combination with the beaming panel chilling system. It is shown that this combination of air conditioning consumes more pumping power in relation to traditional air conditioning because it is required to accomplish the circulation through the beaming panels. However, the lessening of energy ingestion in fan and hair-raiser which comes from the energy recovery is more of import than the addition in the power for pumping ( Mumma Stanley 2011, p635 ) ,3. Building demands3.1 Quality of the AirIn a conference of the United States Department of Health and Human Services in 2009 it was reported that in 20 five per centum of the unwellnesss worldwide that can be prevented, the chief cause is hapless environmental quality of the air, and that taint is besides one of the grounds for 50 thousand premature deceases. The bad quality of ai r inside edifices is the chief cause of these jobs. The chief causes for bad indoor air abode quality are: Average building and design. Bad status of the air conditioning or heating systems, Sustainable design in edifices ( insularity and enclosure ) , The usage of man-made coating, stuffs and chattels. As mentioned in chapter two, minimising the filtrations and isolation in the skeleton of the edifice is of import because this blocks the temperature to accomplish better indoor temperatures and temperature loss, and besides avoid H2O leaks and command the humidness to guarantee a proper circulation of the air and avoids dead musca volitanss which are the causes of cast, elevated allergens, and big sums of interior wet from uncontrolled humidness and H2O leaks. The sum of contaminated indoor air in a residential edifice is about two to 100 times more than the 1s out-of-doorss in publications made by the United states section of wellness and homo services 2009. Building contraptions, stuffs, furniture and cleansing merchandises are one of the most common contaminations. Well stray edifice building and air tight sealing have at the same clip a job because they tend to barricade fresh air coming indoors. Sometimes they besides promote noxious and unacceptable olfactory properties. Buildings designed with a snug construction in order to continue energy losingss are inclined to show more jobs in the air quality than edifices with a light skeleton ( sometimes called leaky edifices ) , which the sum of contaminated indoor air does n't travel out of the edifice. Besides, filtration in edifices makes it impossible to command and mensurate the air that goes to the interior through different gaps. The solution to better the air quality is to diminish the beginning of pollution and increase airing. There is no difference between air quality in places and residential edifices but, however, people populating in residential edifices can non do utmost alterations in airing that people populating in a individual household place can. However, there are different ways to do alterations, like clear the beginning of natural air or usage Windowss to guarantee the entryway of fresh air. Old edifices that have had preservation belongingss or contraptions good installed and efficient places can accomplish good criterion air quality, because a batch of contaminations are blocked from traveling inside the edifice and the 1s that go indoors subsequently can be removed with the dedicated out-of-door air systems ( DOAS ) described in the old chapter. Buildings with these features soak out the high degrees of wet and their skeleton ensures that contaminated air does non travel indoors. Low breathing stuffs and furniture are besides employed to guarantee a proper degree of pollutants. In humid climes, the occupants ‘ most common wont to cut down the cost of energy ingestion is to turn the air conditioning off during weekends and at dark. This pattern is normally the chief factor in the creative activity of wet in these types of climes. Infiltration will take a big sum of out-of-door humidness that will acquire soaked by flat stuffs and constituents when the air conditioning is turned off. In add-on, little degrees of chilling tonss do non let the machine to run at appropriate velocity to be able to soak out the air humidness every bit good as the humidness soaked by the edifice constituents. High degrees of condensation and wet concentration will put on debatable countries if the dry bulb temperature during working clip is sufficient. Degrees of around 70 per centum of comparative humidness can do mold growing inside a edifice in 24 to 48 hours ( United States Environmental Protection Agency 2010 ) . Rather than the indoor air temperature, surface temperatures inside the edifice are in close relationship with mold growing, but these two temperatures are wall to palisade in relation. Mold causes immense injury to the indoor air quality and besides to the edifice ‘s lastingness ; hence, it should be closely monitored. When it comes to footings of air conditioning, means that the edifice does non hold natural airing or a connexion with outside air, hence all its constituents should work independently from the outside temperature and clime, with the exclusion of the machine employed, and when a room needs natural airing, consideration should be taken to guarantee no losingss in efficiency. In hot humid climates the figure of people busying the indoor infinite sets the guideline as to the sum of airing required to guarantee a proper air-conditioned inside. In large suites such as life suites or dining suites, merely fresh air with disposal or remotion would be required, and in other instances the recirculation of air would be an option when there is a low sum of residents and merely a small fresh air is indispensable. Electro inactive precipitation filters are in most instances the most efficient 1s which are inexpensive to run and really good in taking away all types of air solid drosss but are a small spot expensive in initial cost. These types of filters are the lone option to filtrate the air in industrial procedures. Other filter options are fabric, syrupy and street arab.3.2 Comfort zoneThe indoor temperature of a edifice is profoundly affected by local clime. Solar incursion through Windowss and solar heat gained through the edifice skeleton heat the edifice all twenty-four hours long. To accomplish an indoor liveable temperature it is necessary to take down the interior temperature in relation with the out-of-door one by using inactive methods, air conditioning or a combination of both. When it comes to soothe by the temperature in a edifice, the indoor air temperature is non the most of import point to take into consideration, alternatively the local physical and climatic elements should be taken as a focal point. Inside the edifice the heat exchange by the tegument of its residents is of singular value due to chill and warm countries and the Sun radiation exposure. Humidity and air motion besides affect indoor thermic comfort in hot-humid conditionss, because the difference in temperature from outside in relation with the interior varies a batch. Normally when outside temperature is 30 six grades Celsius people tend to plan air conditioned thermoregulator around 17 grades, which is a large daze at the minute person enters or goes out of an air-conditioned edifice. Human existences come ining a learned infinite coming from a wholly different outside ambient will happen the indoor 1s really uncomfortable for about one hr ( Dorsi & A ; Krigger 2004, p48 ) . Humidity control is the chief challenge to accomplish a comfort zone in tropical humid climes, when 50 per centum comparative humidness is the end. Levels normally change in little sums which do non let the systems or machines to take a breath. This was a job before because people avoided the usage of mechanical airing to cut down the sum of wet due to the expensive cost, doing it about impossible to accomplish an indoor comfort zone. This is possible now to accomplish with mechanical airing as mentioned in old chapters without holding excess costs. Physical environment is the get downing point of the comfort zone in a edifice, which is straight structured by: visible radiation, noise, temperature, humidness and odor. In this thesis humidness is traveling to be studied farther, because of the importance in hot-humid conditions states like Panama. Residents in office edifices are more productive in their work when the atmosphere temperature is comfy. Accidents occur more when the indoor temperature goes outside the scope of 16 to twenty four grades Celsius. Nevertheless, humidness is closely linked with temperature when it comes to soothe zones. Normally it is misunderstood that the air impacting comfort is the 1 scaled by humidness metres and thermometers ; alternatively, it is the air that gets in contact with residents teguments. This air will lift and be substituted with other air as it is warmed by the heat in people ‘s tegument heat. A manner to do the chilling of the organic structure and vaporization of sudating more efficient is by traveling off the air rapidly by natural zephyr or fans, because the addition in vapour of sweat, increases the uncomfortableness. Recommended indoor air temperature ( OSHA ) should be maintained at 20 to twenty four point five, with a comparative humidness from 20 to sixty per centum and a dew point temperature from minus four until 15 grades Celsius. At low degrees of dew point about 10 grades Celsius, working together with decreased indoor temperatures, the organic structure needs minor chilling. Low degrees of dew point work truly good together with elevated temperatures, merely as outstanding low humidness of the air ( see table 7 ) licenses effectual chilling. Table 7: Relation between dew point, humidness in the human comfort. Temperature is easier to experience by worlds than the sum of humidness in the air, hence people inside a edifice bash non be given to comprehend unwanted degrees of humidness from a temperature criterion. In hot-humid climes the basic response to high degrees of wet inside a room is to take down the thermoregulator of the air conditioning, which increases the sum of energy and makes more likely the overcooling and cast growing because of wet canals. The sum of Co2 concentration besides has an of import focal point point in a room, which depends on the undermentioned factors: measure of residents, volume of the room, activities of the residents, sum of clip people are inside the room, and the sum of fresh air traveling to the inside. This is more likely to go a job in office edifices, mills and infirmaries, but for abodes where the sum of residents and countries are really low this is non a large issue.2.2.4 Integrating Advance Humidity Control to Reduce Energy UseThe National Center for Energy Management and Building Technologies ( NCEMBT ) did a study about incorporating advanced humidness controls to accomplish nest eggs in the energy measures, where eleven different system combinations where studied ( see figure 25 ) . ( Harriman, Plager & A ; Kosar DR 1997, p15-25 ) Figure 13: 11 Combination of systems for enhance dehumidification. All systems presented in figure 25 to carry through the existent heat content decrease in the process, use the conventional DX chilling spiral. The impact of chilling and at the same clip utilizing elements to alter the spiral capacity from reasonable burden to latent burden, consequence in diminishing the reasonable heat ratio of the system. As the systems that utilize desiccant dehumidifiers downstream alternatively of upstream chilling spirals, needed child system capacity and less sum of energy, merely three of the systems showed above were taken for farther surveies: figure five, six and eleven without optional energy money changer. As the focal point point of the probe was assorted and individual way air systems, DOAS and double systems ( three, seven and eight ) were non taken into consideration. Combination figure five ( HX-DX ) utilizes a reasonable heat money changer rounding the chilling spiral, which in order to take down the temperature of the air coming indoors, utilizes the air traveling out of the chilling spiral as a heat sink, doing it possible to take down the setup dew point, hence cut downing the reasonable heat wireless. Apparatus dew point represents the release degree of humidness from a system. It shows if a machine without lift in the air flow needed to accomplish the reasonable burden can run into the latent burden. Combination figure six ( DD-DX ) had similar consequences but using an heat content money changer, due to the latent and reasonable energy money changers, before traveling inside the chilling spiral, the humidness of the air traveling interior is soaked out every bit good. This excess dehumidification decreases the setup dew point in comparing with combination figure five. Combination figure eleven ( DX-DD ) decreases the dew point ( DP ) of the air in the chilling spiral to accomplish even less apparatus dew point and reasonable heat wireless by using a desiccant dehumidifier. In comparing with the other combinations, its reasonable heat ratio does non cut down with airflow velocity. The desiccant dehumidifier in this system can convey out a dew point near zero grades Celsius and decreases or avoids the congealing of the chilling spiral, which in a traditional DX system happens. The drying agent besides has a disability change overing the latent burden or wet into reasonable heat, which is liberated into the provided air. Traditional machinery with a DX spiral managed by a thermoregulator is non capable of bring forthing the little sum of reasonable heat wireless which is indispensable in hot-humid climes to accomplish the humidness loaded aerating tonss. In tropical climes where the usage of specialised and intense humidness controls is needed, this combination of enhanced humidification works with a lower sum of energy power. Lowering energy public presentation even more is possible by utilizing double way DX machines in combination with dedicated out-of-door air systems ( studied in chapter 2.1.8 ) , conditioning twosome with a degage DX spiral for residuary chiefly reasonable ratio chilling and residuary one.2.2.5 FunctionalityHigh humidness degrees in tropical climes make it about impossible to accomplish a good quality of indoor air in a room ; air conditioning the bulk of the clip merely cools the outside air but does non take attention of commanding humidness. The systems employed to cut down the degree of humidness in the air should non increase the sum of energy ingestion, because people would non desire to use these machines, even though the quality of the air it is non the appropriate 1. Bad planning in the airing of a room even with new machines and mechanisms before residents move in, consequences in a bad quality indoor air which does n't suit the criterion demands for the residents ‘ wellness and besides amendss the construction of the edifice. From the get downing the predesigned ends should be taken earnestly in sing the planning, to accomplish besides good degrees of energy ingestion. Before an old edifice is adapted into usage, all the airing elements should be checked in all locations to avoid any future jobs, which subsequently on would be hard and really expensive to rectify. Afterwards when the edifice is occupied it must acquire care frequently to look into the operation of the airing systems by supervising degrees of the temperature and quality of the interior air and the air watercourse in every room. Ventilation ducts besides have to be cleaned frequently ( Christensen, Fang & A ; Winkler 2011, p67 ) . The alterations in edifice demands such as insularity in walls, roof and edifice skeleton, Windowss, contraptions and illuming have made a important alteration by diminishing the heat tonss of interior suites and accordingly the necessities for reasonable chilling. On the other manus, the elements which impact the latent burden or humidness, like airing demands and residents stay the same. Buildings that meet these demands the bulk of the clip need systems to work on the latent burden alternatively of on the reasonable burden. Bad control in the humidness is linked many times to the inability of traditional air conditioning to pull off the wet loads. The more the efficiency in modern air conditioning, the less its capableness in wet remotion. Air conditioning does the cooling, it reduces the temperature of the air or reasonable chilling and at the same clip lowers the humidness in the air or latent chilling by distilling a per centum of the concentration of H2O in the air. A manner to mensurate the degree of effectivity of a system to get by with wet remotion is by the reasonable heat ratio, which is the entire chilling capacity of reasonable and latent burden. Lowering the reasonable heat ratio increases the capacity of dehumidification or chilling capacity ( Christensen, Fang & A ; Winkler 2011, p88 ) . Traditional air conditioning systems normally deal with the reasonable burden before the latent burden, therefore the indoor infinite degree of wet goes up from the one wanted, which is about 50 to sixty five per centum, doing the proliferation of bacteriums and mold growing. The best manner to accomplish good airing and air conditioning systems in hot-humid climes, is by utilizing the edifice and machines as designed and doing possible the comparative humidness to modulate when the designed infinite status is accomplished. Making possible the air conditioning to cover with the latent and reasonable burden individually consequences in doing it possible to cut down the sum of energy ingestion.4. Simulation in TRNSYS4.1Building description and activity agendasThe office room is confronting north/south ( 29m broad, 29m long ) with a individual glaze window covering the full frontage South. It has 841m2 of country and 3.70m of tallness. As an office, it has machines, computing machines and unreal visible radiations chiefly during working hours. Material used for walls on the life room, U-values and conduction are described in table 8 and 9. Building building Detail External wall Best common wall Shocking Concrete slab, isolation ( back and direct boundary ) Window Scorch glazing Roofing Plastboard, fire glass comforter, roof deck Table 8: Building stuff specification Type U-values ( conductivity ) U-Value ( overall ) ( W/w2K ) Floor 2.567 1.787 Roof 1.785 1.369 Window 0.855 5.8 External wall 66.667 5.405 Table 9: U-values of block walls No. Description Type Power ( kJ/hr ) Measure 1 Personal computer with proctor 1.440 10 2 Artificial lighting Fluorescent 129.6 93 Table 10: Machines, illuming and computing machines used in the office Occupancy agenda was estimated during 24 hours 7 yearss a hebdomad.4.2 Description of the cooling-dehumidifier systemSome trial were made utilizing conventional air conditioning system dwelling on: fans, heat pump, soaking up hair-raisers and dehumidifier chilling spiral, but high sums of energy usage were found, due to the chilling spiral has to cover with high degrees of humidness and at the same clip accomplish temperature needed. Sometimes by altering the sums of indoor H2O temperature and flow rate of H2O, the comparative humidness was achieve by 50 % but the supply air temperature was below the criterions. A new system was employ using the theoretical account of a dedicated outdoor air system ( Mumma 2001 ) . An heat content and a reasonable wheel were employed to accomplish 2 points of transportation of energy between supply and exhaust air coming in frontal waies ( see figure 14 ) . On the Enthalpy wheel ( effectivity of 80 per centum ) exchange of reasonable and latent burden energy occurs, by the transportation of heat and humidness between the supply and exhaust air. Figure 14: System of managing air with heat content and reasonable wheel. As mentioned above the system decrease the chilling demand of the chilling spiral, by cut downing the degrees of humidness and temperature before it goes inside the chilling spiral. Cooling spirals was designed to take more the degree of humidness at 13 grades Celsius dew point. After the supply air was treated by the chilling spiral it goes inside a reasonable wheel with 70 per centum effectivity where it temperature goes down at around 20 one degrees Celsius dry bulb by soaking up the hot from the exhaust air. This exhaust air decreases its temperature in the reasonable wheel and when it goes back to the heat content wheel ( see figure 14 ) aid to chill the fresh air coming in to the inside.4.4 Room simulation and consequencesOne simulation was made in November ( see table 11 ) , which is one of the months with highest degrees of humidness due to the start of the rainy season, to mensurate the dry bulb and moisture bulb temperature come ining and traveling out from one constituent to a the following 1. Taking as an mean outside dry bulb temperature of 29 and outside air wet bulb temperature of 24 grades Celsius. Estimating the system would be working for 720 hours and uses 10,000 cfm. Table11: Inlet temperatures of different constituents of the system. After the system was modeled all twelvemonth to cipher the sum of energy usage by each constituent of the system ( see table 12 ) . Table 12: Annual energy ingestion by constituent ( 8760 hours ) . The exhaust air is estimated to be 90 per centum of the supply air and the supply air achieved was about 22 grades Celsius and 55 % comparative humidness. By a usage of 8 hours a twenty-four hours Monday to Friday generates a monthly energy usage of 2544 kWh. Panamas mean cost per kWh is.20 cents of Dollar.DecisionDue to the roar in its building sector in 2008 and its turning economic system, international imperativeness started naming Panama as the â€Å" new Dubai of the Americas. † ( the economic expert 2011 ) Although this fast development has shaped Panama ‘s beautiful skyline, it did non include much green building. Consequently, sustainable edifice design is greatly needed in Panama City, where important energy is consumed by residential and commercial edifices, the bulk of which are air-conditioned 24/7 and use floor-to-ceiling individual glass Windowss. Human comfort is straight related to temperature and humidness degrees. Peoples inside a edifice tend to be more comfy when air is dryer and marginally warmer than when the air is cooler and humid. Increased humidness leads people to take down their thermoregulators because moist air gives the esthesis of a heater ambiance. This thesis showed the tight relationship between temperature and dew point temperature, which must be considered when planing air conditioning systems for hot-humid climes. To better air conditioning systems, applied scientists should understand the factors that affect indoor temperature. In these climes, the big difference between outside air temperatures ( ~37A °C ) and thermostat-controlled interior temperatures ( ~16A °C ) -a alteration of ~21A °C-shapes urban air-conditioning design. Promenades, offices, eating houses and places must use electricity to bridge this spread in temperature, which besides affects the wellness of edifice residents and filtration of incoming air. Changeless alterations in temperature as people go between indoor and out-of-door environments may bring on sweat due to high out-of-door humidness degrees, and may take to respiratory and pneumonic jobs. The difference between interior and outside temperatures critically affects both A/C burden and edifice construction. Although most systems are designed to accomplish higher indoor air force per unit area than a edifice ‘s surrounding environment, escape of out-of-door air into conditioned suites can be greatly affect indoor humidness. Unintended escape is normally due to opening and shutting of Windowss and leaks in the edifice construction, which may take to badly draughty insides. Structure filtration can be reduced through excess attention during the building and usage of such building stuffs as double-glazed Windowss. Air-locks or air-tightness between A/C and non-A/C infinites is a good manner to diminish filtration through doors. Where temperature differences are little, vapor blockers may be utilized in outer walls. Parameters for simulations to happen an optimum system for a peculiar humidness degree and temperature ca n't be found in surveies of the specific metropolis sing energy usage, building stuffs, air conditioning types, and indoor air features by constructing type. A chilled H2O chilling spiral simulated with a dynamic mold tool ( TRNSYS 17 ) achieved coveted indoor criterions for humidness but delivers a degree of temperature below the criterions ( ~23A °C ) , increasing the energy usage by the chilling spiral so much. After a Dedicated outdoor air system was analyzed with Panama City clime conditions, accomplishing really good degrees of humidness and temperature criterions Ideally, criterions for high humidness control could be implemented in the Panamanian building and airing codifications, to make consciousness and execution of good indoor air quality.LITERATURE REFERENCESASHRAE: Handbook of Fundamentalss, Parsons, U.S.A 2011. Brandemuehl & A ; Khattar MJ. 2002. Separating the V in HVAC: A Dual-Path Approach. ASHRAE Journal 202 44 ( 5 ) : 37-42. BRIG, GEN and Abbot Henry. Problems of the Panama Canal including climatology. The Macmillan company. London.1907 Brundrett Geoff, Kittler Reinhold & A ; Harriman Lew: Humidity control design usher for commercial and institutional edifices, ASHRAE, U.S.A 2001. Dorsi Chris & A ; Krigger John: Residential energy, cost and comfort for bing edifices, Saturn, U.S.A 2004. Gowri K, Jarnagin R & A ; Winiarski D: Infiltration patterning guidelines for commercial edifice energy analysis. US section of energy.2009. Harriman Lew: The ASHRAE usher for edifices in hot and humid climes 2nd edition, ASHRAE, U.S.A 2009. Harriman LG, Plager D and Kosar DR. Dehumidification and Cooling Loads from Ventilation Air. ASHRAE Journal 39 ( 11 ) : 37-45, 1997. Henderson H.I & A ; Rudd A: Monitored indoor wet and temperature conditions in humid-climate US abodes. ASHRAE minutess 113 ( 1 ) : 435-49,2007. Kosar DR. Dehumidification System Enhancements. ASHRAE Journal 48 ( 2 ) : 48-58. 2006 National secretary of energy. Panama: www.energia.gob.pa Panama chamber of building: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.capac.org/web/Economica/LaInversionenelSectorConstruccion/tabid/104/Default.aspx Parker Mattew: Panama Fever, doubleday, New York 2008. Rosaler Robert & A ; Grimm Nils: HVAC systems and constituents enchiridion, McGraw, U.S.A 1997. Sherman, Max Howard. Thesis ( PH.D. ) — University OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, 1980. Simmonds P. Practical applications of radiant warming and chilling to keep comfort conditions. ASHRAE.U.S.A 1996. Simmonds, P. Radiant systems offer users greater comfort control. Energy Users News, vol. 34, March, pp. 34-35.1997 The economic expert print edition. July 14th. United states 2011 Tomczyk, John: Troubleshooting and Servicing Modern Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems. U.S.A 1995. Drew Jane & A ; Fry Maxwell: Tropical architecture in the dry and humid zones, Batsford Limited London 1964. Wolfgang Lauber, Tropical architecture. Munich 2005. www.panasonic.com.au Christensen Dane, Fang Xia & A ; Winkler John: Using energyplus to execute dehumidification anaylisis on edifice United States places, HVAC & A ; R Journal, June 2011. EPA Green Buildings Project. ( 2012 ) Retrieved September 15, 2012. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.epa.gov/oaintrnt/projects/ Mumma, Stanley: â€Å" Designing dedicated outdoor air system † ASHRAE U.S.A 2001.FIGURES REFERENCESFigure 1: Economist Intelligent Unit. Figure 2: hypertext transfer protocol: //fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama Figure 3: BRIG, GEN and Abbot Henry. Problems of the Panama Canal including climatology. The Macmillan company. London.1907 Figure 4: hypertext transfer protocol: //esarquitectura.wordpress.com/tag/arquitectura-canalera/ Figure 5: Cambefort y Boza designers. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cambefortyboza.com/cyb/ Figure 6: HOPSA Panama . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hopsa.com/ Figure 7: www.covintec.com Figure 8: www.covintec.com Figure 9: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.insidepma.com/ Figure 10: Mumma Stanley: Planing a dedicated outdoor air system, ASHRAE Journal 2011. Figure 11: Christensen Dane, Fang Xia & A ; Winkler John: Using energyplus to execute dehumidification anaylisis on edifice United States places, HVAC & A ; R Journal, June 2011. Figure 12: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mech.hku.hk/bse/MEBS6006/mebs6006_1112-04.htm Figure 13: Kosar Douglas: Integration Advance humidness control to cut down energy usage † . University of cardinal Florida 2007. Figure 14: Mumma Stanley: Energy Conservation Benefits of a dedicated Outdoor Air System with Parallel Sensible Cooling by Ceiling beaming Panels † . ASHRAE Journal 2003.DIAGRAMS REFERENCESDiagram 1: CAPAC: Panamanian chamber of building. www.capac.org Diagram 2: CAPAC: Panamanian chamber of building. www.capac.org Diagram 3: Meteonorm Software Diagram 4: Meteonorm Software Diagram 5: Meteonorm Software Diagram 6: Meteonorm Software and Transient simulation plan. TRNSYS 17.Tables MentionsTable 1: CAPAC: Panamanian chamber of building. www.capac.org Table 2: BRIG, GEN and Abbot Henry. Problems of the Panama Canal including climatology. The Macmillan company. London.1907 Table 3: Wolfgang Lauber, Tropical architecture. Munich 2005. Table 4: Marelisa Chanis de Pages. Table 5: National Secretary of energy. www.energia.gob.pa Table 6: National Secretary of energy. www.energia.gob.pa Table 7: Horstmeyer Steve: Relative Humidity, Relative to What? The Dew point Temperature a better attack † . Ohio, USA 2006 Table 8: Transeunt simulation plan. TRNSYS 17. Table 9: Transeunt simulation plan. TRNSYS 17. Table 10: Transeunt simulation plan. TRNSYS 17. Table 11: Transeunt simulation plan. TRNSYS 17 and personal computations. Table 12: Transeunt simulation plan. TRNSYS 17 and personal computations. Declaration of the Master ‘s Thesis I hereby affirm that the maestro thesis at manus is my ain written work and that I have used no other beginnings and AIDSs others than those indicated. ( Topographic point ) ___________ ( Date ) _________ ( Signature ) ___________________

Employee Motivation Programs Essay

Keep your workers inspired by utilizing an employee motivation program inShare Your company can benefit by employee motivation. It’s important to reward your staff for their hard work through recognition, special privileges or gifts. An employee motivation program shows your staff that your company cares about their success. Motivate your staff and their production will exceed expectations. Increase production and employee satisfaction as your business implements workforce motivation. Employee motivation techniques create the foundation that keeps your workforce happy and productive. Encourage teamwork, which improves your company’s success as well as staff motivation. A supportive work atmosphere leads to positive motivation for employees and improves morale. Enjoy workers in the company who have a great attitude and are an example for new staff member joining the organization. Motivating employees can come in many forms. Here are a few ideas to get you started: 1. Consider an employee motivational training program. 2. Use employee motivational articles and other materials to inspire your workers. 3. Give your gifts as an incentive to increase staff motivation. Implement a training program to increase employee’s motivation Training programs use employee motivation theories to offer the best classes and training tools for your company. Some of the most successful companies in the world use training programs for worker motivation. Try: Dale Carnegie Training is a well-established company that understands the benefits of business employee motivation. Training Camp has on-site training as well as an online computer course. Inspire your crew with employee motivation articles and posters The use of visual aids changes how employees view their success. We’ve all seen the motivational posters and articles but these can be more beneficial than you might think. The use of attractive and eye-catching materials that cover encouragement, innovation, leadership and make it happen, are subjects used for motivational posters. Try: Successories has an unlimited amount of motivational posters ranging in any subject. Future Think has motivational materials that guide you on how to recognize and reward innovation. Create worker motivation with incentives Employees love rewards for hard work and a wonderful motivational tool is gift incentives. Your staff will strive to do their best and it challenges them to improve productivity through friendly competition and recognition for a job well done. Try: Swift Prepaid Solutions offers prepaid gift cards that you can use to incite your employees to achieve certain goals. You can use them for the best sales or a job well done. Circuit City has a program where you can hand out gift cards to your deserving employees. †¢Employees need to feel encouragement and motivational techniques can achieve the goal of motivating employees on a daily basis. †¢Use an employee motivation survey to gage the morale of your workforce. Ask the staff to indicate what motivates them. Basic choices include recognition, monetary rewards and special privileges.

Technological Generations of Mobile Communications

Technological Generations of Mobile Communications Introduction The distinct life of the mobile communications has taken different phases. This can be traced from the 1G to the most rest 4G. G, 2G, 3G and 4G are a wireless phone or a cellular phone standard way of classification based on generations/ cellular phone evolution. This paper is a critical comparison of all these technological generations with an aim of tracking the trend that is followed in the developments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Generations of Mobile Communications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Grandpa and Grandma 1G Grandpa and Grandma 1G was the very first generation of wireless technology that originated around 1980’s. The cellular phones of this time were big in size (handbag phones) and used a high power voltage. Communication in the first generation cellular phones was enhanced by use of analog radio waves/ signals; use of radio antennas (a radio transmitter on one end and receiver on the other end. Analogue technology could only accommodate voice communication the passing of analogue signals. While this was the best technological developments at the time, it had a couple of limitations. The first generation wireless technology covered a relatively small area. Communication was only possible between parties of the same nation/within a nation’s boundary’s/ within the grounds of a particular nation (Fendelman). This first generation wireless technology supports only one way communication at a time. For instance the intended recipient has to be calm till the sender finishes talking then he/she can begin answering incase he/she speaks before then, his/her message won’t be delivered. All the above services are possible through a technology that interprets voice calls called circuit switching -Circuit switching is easily distorted by a simple physical noise thus destroying the quality of a conversation. All these limitations le ad the players in the industry to look for more advanced technology which could fill the loopholes in communication (News from Rohde and Schwarz, 2002). 2G – The second generation of the wireless digital technology 1G was later thrown out/replaced by 2G that came with greater and better technological benefits like the additional data services. At this level people could send text messages on top of the voice communication they initially had. The radio signals were digital and the conversations digitally encrypted unlike the initial analog. This therefore allowed the mobile phone services to be passed over a wider area (great service penetration levels).The wireless digital network use brings more voice clarity to the conversation being carried out.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This enhanced intercontinental communications, more privacy in communication as well as storage of communication. The messages sent through this technology could easily be referred to later. The second generation phones are however, costly compared to the first generation wireless cellular phones. Unlike the first wireless technology where communications were only possible within a nation, 2G ventures into a wide area in terms of service coverage area due to the additional roaming facility. 3G – The third wireless telephone / cellular phone generation The second generation is however overthrown by this third cellular phone evolution which uses a wide band width. This big band width in turn came with a more clear voice communication that is almost perfect (very minimal distractions and cases of eavesdropping- a situation where the signals sent are lost to the surrounding environment). Communication in this case is possible through a technology packet switching; a situation where data is addressed like the IP addressing then sent over and on reaching it s destination, its again recollects in the order sent then decoded/ interconnected to have the conversation (News from Rohde and Schwarz, 2002).. 3G wireless services are widely spread and now almost in all parts of the world. 3G has an added advantage of the global roaming facility which allows communication across the world. One can send text messages, video conference, and chat, download 3dimentional games, and talk to any one and anywhere in this world without distractions like they are having real conversation (News from Rohde and Schwarz , 2002). 3G uses a higher band width also a wide band voice channel compared to the 1G and 2G generations which greatly attributes to high voice clarity and people can talk without any disturbance or with very minimal distractions. There is an additional multimedia facility brought about by this third generation cellular phones like very fast communication (conversations and text messaging), video conferencing (hold video meetings with people in different locations), internet (surfing/browsing/online chatting), mobile television (watch television’s favorite programs on phone), video calls (like Skye), multi media messaging service (MMS) (sharing of photos and music), etc are now available on 3G phones (Arshad, Farooq, Shah, 2010)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Generations of Mobile Communications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The 3G phones are costly compared to the first and second wireless cellular phone generation. Currently 3G is widely in use. Almost everyone is moving or has moved to 3G technology for its interesting features and high speed wireless service. Despite the numerous advantages to using this kind of phone and very interesting features, 3G wireless telephones however have short battery life compared to the second and first generation phones. Thus the use of this technology is dependent on the proximity to power s upply. In remote areas thus, persons are forced to use less advanced technologies to avoid frustrations. However, some wireless technology users use both technologies concurrently (Arshad, Farooq, Shah, 2010). 3G technology is usually common for users who depend on the wireless communication in internetworking. Most of the service providers carry out promotional advertisements encouraging users to use the technology based on its speed and coverage. 4G The fourth generation wireless telephones / cellular phone service also known as a complete 3G replacement. 4G operates more like 3G much as it is a step up from 3G. It appears to operate in a hopeful state, like providing its clients with very speedy wireless services. Being the new born baby this fourth generation wireless technology is availed in limited places/areas. It’s not widely spread and only in use in very few regions like Japan. 4G is anticipated and designed to deliver very high speed internet and generally high wi reless services. Also a high network capacity-allowing more people to operate/ access its resources simultaneously (Fendelman,). They too have the multimedia added feature but with very clear voice and video output compared to the initial generations just like the normal television. The fourth generation cellular phones are damn expensive (high cost) compared to the previous generations. The costs mentioned here are the installation costs. However, the technological requires less maintenance costs. Similarities All the above mentioned technologies are wireless technologies. They all are able to pass/enhance analog communication. They all can pass voice communications. The first and Second generation covers a relatively small area in terms of geographical boundaries. Each of the technological development has come with increased area coverage than the preceding development.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both the first and Second generation use a narrow band width, while the third and fourth generation uses wide band width. Both 1G and 2G deal/ are good in voice calls and in the process need to utilize the maximum bandwidth provided (Ashiho, 2003) Conclusion The technological development in the wireless communication has grown from one phase to another. As each phase is introduced, it leads to changes in other industries that depend on this technology for communication and other purposes. It is paramount to note that each of the above technologies has its own specifications. Thus, there is always a need for any firm to have a technician who shall introduce the members of the institutions on how to operate the different technological developments. The ability of a firm to use the most modern technology is for its advantage as this leads to less maintenance costs. The only additional costs in the generational growth are the initial installation costs (Ashiho, 2003). The developments t hat have been discussed in this paper have been enhanced by various firms and individuals. The need for the improvements has always rendered the players in the wireless communication busy with efforts of improving each of the development. While the current technology is viewed by many as perfect, it is expected that a need will arise for the provision of services that it does not offer. Thus, it is arguable to conclude that the development in the wireless communication cannot be optimum. References Arshad, j., Farooq, A., Shah, A., (2010) Evolution and Development Towards 4th Generation (4G) Mobile Communication Systems. Web. Ashiho, L. S. (2003). Mobile Technology: Evolution from 1G to 4G. Web. Fendelman, A. (n.d). Cell Phone Glossary: What is 1G vs. 2G vs. 2.5G vs. 3G vs. 4G? Web. News from Rohde and Schwarz (2002). Measuring the Acoustic Characteristics of 3G Mobile Phones. Web. Peter, K. (n.d). Analysis and Comparison of 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G Telecom Services. Web.

Free Essays on The Mis-Education Of American Scholars

Several individuals may believe that general education requirements, such as a Literature course, are merely a university’s attempt to prolong a student’s collegiate career and collect additional tuition fees, but what many of them fail to realize is that these courses create a foundation upon which future knowledge will be based and expanded. This groundwork will give students the ability to handle themselves and will enable them to interact with a rapidly growing and diverse population. Without literary courses, students will be debarred of valuable knowledge and tools that will inevitably become vital to their academic growth and future success. Ever questioned as to why most students even those who have attended esteemed colleges or universities seem to be unaware and unintelligible in reference to life or the world around them? It may possibly be because in the impetuous quest of triumphant sports teams, expensive overly proficient facilities, and the obvious influence of money, colleges and universities seem to have forgotten their principal charge: to teach students something about history, literature, mathematics, the natural sciences, foreign language, philosophy and English. Generally speaking, five of these seven topics are closely linked to the subject matter of literature. The reason most scholars fail to leave college with such a base-line education is simple: It is no longer required of them. Concisely, there has been a purging from the curriculum of many of the required basic survey courses, including literature, which previously familiarized students with the historical, cultural, political and scientific foundations of their society. According to the National Association of Scholars President Stephen Balch, America is "in danger of losing the common frame of cultural reference that for many generations has sustained our liberal, democratic society." According to a study by the NAS, the number of top schoo... Free Essays on The Mis-Education Of American Scholars Free Essays on The Mis-Education Of American Scholars Several individuals may believe that general education requirements, such as a Literature course, are merely a university’s attempt to prolong a student’s collegiate career and collect additional tuition fees, but what many of them fail to realize is that these courses create a foundation upon which future knowledge will be based and expanded. This groundwork will give students the ability to handle themselves and will enable them to interact with a rapidly growing and diverse population. Without literary courses, students will be debarred of valuable knowledge and tools that will inevitably become vital to their academic growth and future success. Ever questioned as to why most students even those who have attended esteemed colleges or universities seem to be unaware and unintelligible in reference to life or the world around them? It may possibly be because in the impetuous quest of triumphant sports teams, expensive overly proficient facilities, and the obvious influence of money, colleges and universities seem to have forgotten their principal charge: to teach students something about history, literature, mathematics, the natural sciences, foreign language, philosophy and English. Generally speaking, five of these seven topics are closely linked to the subject matter of literature. The reason most scholars fail to leave college with such a base-line education is simple: It is no longer required of them. Concisely, there has been a purging from the curriculum of many of the required basic survey courses, including literature, which previously familiarized students with the historical, cultural, political and scientific foundations of their society. According to the National Association of Scholars President Stephen Balch, America is "in danger of losing the common frame of cultural reference that for many generations has sustained our liberal, democratic society." According to a study by the NAS, the number of top schoo...

The Why, Where, and How of Writing for the Christian Market

The Why, Where, and How of Writing for the Christian Market Writing for Christian markets may not be at the top of your write-for list. I grew up in church, so it seemed a natural place for me to begin my writing career. I was already familiar with publications and what types of stories and articles they used. As with any freelance market, you want payment for your effort, so all the publications listed here do pay, and most I have written for many times over the years, selling fillers, devotionals, articles, and stories. A serious freelancer is always on the lookout for new markets. Many Christian publications, especially Sunday school take home papers, publish weekly so the number of manuscripts they need is greater than a traditional monthly magazine. They accept a variety of pieces; fillers, fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and devotionals. The age range is diverse. There are publications for the smallest of children up to adults. Our Little Friend is for children from ages 1-5. They seek true-to-life stories one or two pages long. One story I wrote for them was about kids making fun of each other. Mature Living is for those facing retirement. Many older people feel as if they are used up. I offered encouragement and gave examples of things anyone could do to help others in a list article. Devo’Zine is a devotional market geared toward teens that Ive written for using lessons from teaching young people at church. Youth leaders are always looking for great activity ideas to use with their kids, and Insight Youth Resources has paid me for ideas our youth group did. ParentLife is a magazine that has published multiple funny saying from my kids as fillers. Do you work with women in the church? Today’s Christian Woman  needs articles that offer strength and encouragement for everyday women. Need more market ideas? An invaluable tool for finding these markets is the Christian Writer’s Market.   You can also ask friends for help. Do they attend a church that hands out take-home papers? Do they subscribe to Christian magazines? Ask to borrow copies and research to see if those publications accept freelance work. You could also Google â€Å"Christian magazines,† â€Å"Christian publications,† or â€Å"Christian writers wanted.† I have found some regular writing employment doing this. When considering topic ideas, note that many of the publications follow a theme list. Lookout and Youth Worker both do. Theme lists give basic ideas of what the editors want during certain times of the year. Once you repeatedly write for these publications, many will come to you with an urgent need, when something on their theme list hasn’t been fulfilled, and they know you are dependable. Some Christian publications just want to hear your story. I have used many of my own experiences, especially when it came to the teenage years, mine and my children’s (Guide). Guide wants true stories, and many of my teens experiences ended up on their pages. And keep in mind that not all Christian publications are overtly religious. Some of the children’s publications simply want stories with a moral lesson. But be aware of the diversity amongst denominations and their beliefs. For example, some conservative publications want women to wear dresses, if clothing happens to be mentioned in your story. Some denominations worship on the Sabbath, which is actually Saturday, not Sunday. Others won’t include anything about drinking. Here is a site with helpful information on denominations. Don’t underestimate the power of the Christian market for your writing. You can stretch yourself, get some new

Compare and contrast political ideologies, such as Liberalism and Research Paper

Compare and contrast political ideologies, such as Liberalism and Conservatism - Research Paper Example Political ideologies are a product by a person’s personal beliefs, refined by many years of contemplation and further shaped by numerous life experiences. More than anything else, ideological disputes instigate a highly emotional reaction in people. Abortion, torture, foreign military intervention, gay marriage, workers rights, global warming, health care, the economy, the definition of civil liberties and, incredibly, forced trans-vaginal ultrasound along with several other politically stirring issues are causing ideological battles that have drawn clear ideological boundaries and deeply divided the nation. This paper explains the two polar opposite political points of view, liberalism and conservatism, while giving examples of how each interpret some current issues and why the conservative ideology is fundamentally flawed. The principles of Liberalism include an intense conviction in the democratic process and are confident that the people’s constitutional rights will keep the powers of the government in check. Liberal political leaders have, partially by necessity, steadily grown governmental authority beyond where the authors of the Constitution and some people would prefer. The doctrine of conservatism relies, in part, on their collective interpretation of a Christian-based ideology. As opposed to liberals, conservatives are opposed to government regulation of business but are generally in favor of laws that regulate the personal conduct of private citizens. They are determined to promote their religious agenda without consideration of personal liberties, scientific evidence or constitutional confirmation that may contradict their opinion. â€Å"At the core of the conservative ideology lays a thirst for heroes and villains, a visceral resistance to change, rigid adherence to tradition, fear of the unknown,

Quantitative and academic skills(economy) Essay

Quantitative and academic skills(economy) - Essay Example The strength of mine includes the ability to think logically, which gets reflected in my Mathematical ability. That is, I was able to think logically from childhood because of which I was able to all the Math sums without difficulty. Even though I had good teachers to help me in Math, did all my homework and had a good friend circle to discuss about mathematical problems, I think having a logical mind helped me to shine better in Math. This ability in Math continued in the higher class as well. Apart from the ‘logical’ reason, I was interested in Math because of its image of being the Universal language. That is, there will be countries in which some languages will not be spoken, but Math will be there. For example, Zulu will not be spoken, may be in Vietnam, but simple additions to high-level calculus will be practiced or calculated there. So, my interest and strength is, my ability to do Mathematical sums with ease. Another strength of mine is my ability to motivate my friends in all the situations, with the aid of my communication skills. My communication skills has been put to effective use on several occasions, when I had been asked to make presentations to fellow students and other audience members. Weaknesses will always blocks one’s targets. The problems area, which I consider as my weakness, is my fluency in English. Being from South Korea, my English is not that perfect, because of my mother tongue influences and due to lack of English speaking environment. With the daily conversations with my family members and friends always happening in Korean, I got little opportunity to use and converse in English. This affected my speaking and writing skills in English. So, when compared to my college mates, my English is little weak. The weaknesses, I discussed in the above sections can be addressed by me, if I put in the efforts, and also due to the changed environment of being an International Student. My English